Dietary omega-6 arachidonic acid and omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid supplementation differentially impact skeletal muscle inflammaging in mice

Abstract

Aging is associated with a gradual and progressive decline in skeletal muscle mass and strength known as sarcopenia, which has been attributed to chronic low-grade inflammation. Dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), including omega-6 arachidonic acid (ARA) and omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are precursors to bioactive lipid mediators that regulate the initiation, propagation, and active resolution of inflammation. While traditionally considered a pro-inflammatory and catabolic factor, the ARA-derived eicosanoid prostaglandin E2 has recently emerged as a potential anti-sarcopenic molecule. DHA-derived specialized pro-resolving mediators may also act as immunomodulatory pro-regenerative molecules in muscle inflammaging. In the current study, we tested the effects of long-term dietary supplementation with either ARA or DHA on muscle health in aging mice. Twenty-two-month-old C57BL/6N mice were fed a control AIN-93M diet, or an AIN-93M diet supplemented with either ARA (0.48% w/w) or DHA (0.48% w/w) for 12 weeks. Both dietary interventions reduced total body weight, but only ARA reduced absolute fat mass and increased the percentage of lean mass. Despite these changes in body composition, ARA supplementation reduced absolute muscle strength and myofiber size. This functional decline was associated with increased neuromuscular junction fragmentation, elevated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines/protein degradation markers, and suppressed ribosome biogenesis. In contrast, DHA uniquely reduced chronic inflammation of aged muscle and returned c-Myc expression to young levels but did not affect muscle mass or strength. These data demonstrate that long-term dietary intake of ARA and DHA have overall divergent effects on the structure and function of aging muscle.