The BD2 domain of BRD4 is a determinant in EndoMT and vein graft neointima formation

Abstract

BackgroundVein-graft bypass is commonly performed to overcome atherosclerosis but is limited by high failure rates, principally due to neointimal wall thickening. Recent studies reveal that endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) is critical for vein-graft neointima formation. BETs are a family of Bromo/ExtraTerminal domains-containing epigenetic reader proteins (BRD2, BRD3, BRD4). They bind acetylated histones through their unique tandem bromodomains (BD1, BD2), facilitating transcriptional complex formation and cell-state transitions. The role for BETs, including individual BRDs and their unique BDs, is not well understood in EndoMT and neointimal formation.\n\nMethods and ResultsRepression of BRD4 expression abrogated TGF{beta}1-induced EndoMT, with greater effects than BRD2 or BRD3 knockdown. An inhibitor selective for BD2 in all BETs, but not that for BD1, blocked EndoMT. Moreover, expression of a dominant-negative BRD4-specific BD2 fully abolished EndoMT. Concordantly, BRD4 knockdown repressed TGF{beta}1-stimulated increase of ZEB1 protein - a transcription factor integral in EndoMT. In vivo, lentiviral gene transfer of either BRD4 shRNA or dominant negative BRD4-specific BD2 mitigated neointimal development in rat jugular veins grafted to carotid arteries.\n\nConclusionsOur data reveal the BD2 domain of BRD4 as a determinant driving EndoMT in vitro and neointimal formation in vivo. These findings provide new insight into BET biology, while offering prospects of specific BET domain targeting as an approach to limiting neointima and extending vein graft patency.