Synchronous L1 retrotransposition events promote chromosomal crossover early in human tumorigenesis

Abstract

L1 retrotransposition is a significant source of genomic variation in human epithelial tumours, which can contribute to tumorigenesis. However, fundamental questions about the causes and consequences of L1 activity in cancer genomes remain unresolved, primarily due to the limitations of short-read sequencing technologies. Here, we employ multiplatform sequencing, with an emphasis on long reads, to analyse a fine selection of 10 tumours exhibiting high rates of somatic retrotransposition, encompassing over 6000 events. The analysis of L1 locus-specific single-nucleotide variants reveals a novel panorama of L1 loci activity. Furthermore, examination of the internal structure of somatic L1s uncovers the mechanisms behind their inactivation. A hidden landscape of chromosomal aberrations emerges in the light of long reads, where reciprocal translocations mediated by L1 insertion represent frequent events. Resolution of L1 bridges configuration elucidates the mechanisms of their formation, where typically two independent, but synchronous, somatic L1 insertions drive the reciprocal exchange between non-homologous chromosomes. Timing analyses indicate that L1 retrotransposition is an early driver of chromosomal instability, active before the first whole-genome doubling event. Overall, these findings highlight L1 activity as a more significant contributor to tumour genome plasticity than previously recognized, extending its impact beyond simple insertional mutagenesis.