Cooperative assembly confers regulatory specificity and long-term genetic circuit stability

In eukaryotes, links in gene regulatory networks are often maintained through cooperative self-assembly between transcriptional regulators (TRs) and DNA cis-regulatory motifs, a strategy widely thought to enable highly specific regulatory connections to be formed between otherwise weakly-interacting, low-specificity molecular components. Here, we directly test whether this regulatory strategy can be used to engineer regulatory specificity in synthetic gene circuits constructed in yeast. We show that circuits composed of artificial zinc-finger TRs can be effectively insulated from aberrant misregulation of the host cell genome by using cooperative multivalent TR assemblies to program circuit connections. As we demonstrate in experiments and mathematical models, assembly-mediated regulatory connections enable mitigation of circuit-driven fitness defects, resulting in genetic and functional stability of circuits in long-term continuous culture. Our naturally-inspired approach offers a simple, generalizable means for building evolutionarily robust gene circuits that can be scaled to a wide range of host organisms and applications.