Adhesive silk hydrogel patches for localized and sustained delivery of cell-derived nanovesicles

Abstract

The transplantation of stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) holds promise for tissue repair and regeneration, but scalable production and effective delivery to target tissue remain major challenges. Here, we present a biomaterial platform that combines high-yield, scalable nanovesicles (NVs) - EV mimetics derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells - with an adhesive silk hydrogel patch for localized and sustained delivery. We show that this platform enables efficient NV encapsulation via visible light crosslinking and supports controlled release over short (2 days), intermediate (7 days), and extended (up to 28 days) periods, while maintaining adhesion to heart tissue. Importantly, the sustained delivery of NVs for 3 days in vitro results in promoting anti-fibrotic cell remodeling and significant functional recovery of primary myofibroblast activation, modulating integrin signaling, actomyosin organization, and cell-matrix adhesion networks. Finally, we demonstrate biocompatibility, retention, and anti-fibrotic function of the patch in a murine ischemia-reperfusion injury model. Thus, we establish the proof-of-principle that di-tyrosine silk hydrogels can be used as a strategy to encapsulate and deliver NVs to the heart, thus offering an innovative delivery platform for NVs. Statement of significanceExtracellular vesicles (EVs) represent an emerging frontier in tissue engineering. Their cell-specific cargo contains biological information capable of repairing and regenerating injured tissues. However, their clinical translation is hindered by limited manufacturing scalability, undefined dosing and modes of administration, and low organ retention, particularly in the heart. This study addresses these challenges by combining stem cell-derived nanovesicles (NVs), which mimic biological EVs, with an adhesive hydrogel patch for localized and sustained delivery to the heart. We provide proof-of-principle that di-tyrosine photo-crosslinked silk hydrogels are a suitable delivery platform for cell-derived NVs, preserving NV bioactivity and their ability to remodel recipient cells following delivery both in vitro and in vivo. This study integrates three key advantages: (i) the use of scalable iPSC-derived nanovesicles as an EV-mimetic platform, addressing limitations in EV manufacturing; (ii) a mechanically robust and tunable silk fibroin hydrogel formed via visible light-induced di-tyrosine crosslinking without chemical modification; and (iii) an injection-free, adhesive patch-based delivery strategy enabling localized and sustained therapeutic administration to the heart. This innovative platform represents a significant advancement in the fields of nanomedicine and biomedical engineering. O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=108 SRC="FIGDIR/small/722555v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (26K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@fed253org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1a270b0org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@19437c1org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1d863ca_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG O_FLOATNOGraphical abstractC_FLOATNO C_FIG