Replication stalling activates SSB for recruitment of DNA damage tolerance factors

Abstract

Translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerases bypass DNA lesions that block replicative polymerases, allowing cells to tolerate DNA damage encountered during replication. It is well known that most bacterial TLS polymerases must interact with the sliding clamp processivity factor to carry out TLS, but recent work in Escherichia coli has revealed that single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB) plays a key role in enriching the TLS polymerase Pol IV at stalled replication forks in the presence of DNA damage. It remains unclear how this interaction with SSB enriches Pol IV in a stalling-dependent manner given that SSB is always present at the replication fork. In this study we use single-molecule imaging in live E. coli cells to investigate this SSB-dependent enrichment of Pol IV. We find that Pol IV is enriched through its interaction with SSB in response to a range of different replication stresses, and that changes in SSB dynamics at stalled forks may explain this conditional Pol IV enrichment. Finally, we show that other SSB-interacting proteins (SIPs) are likewise selectively enriched in response to replication perturbations, suggesting that this mechanism is likely a general one for enrichment of repair factors near stalled replication forks.