CYK-1/Formin activation in cortical RhoA signaling centers promotes organismal left-right symmetry breaking

Abstract

1Proper left-right symmetry breaking is essential for animal development and in many species the actin cytoskeleton plays an instrumental role in this process. Active torque generation in the actomyosin layer promotes left-right symmetry breaking in C. elegans embryos by driving chiral counter-rotating cortical flows. While both Formins and Myosins have been implied in left-right symmetry breaking, and both can rotate actin filaments in vitro, it remains unclear if active torques in the actomyosin cortex are generated by Formins, Myosins, or both. We combined the strength of C. elegans genetics with quantitative imaging and thin film, chiral active fluid theory to show that, while Non-Muscle Myosin II activity drives cortical actomyosin flows, it is permissive for chiral counter-rotation and dispensable for chiral symmetry breaking of cortical flows. Instead, we find that CYK-1/Formin activation in RhoA foci is instructive for chiral counter-rotation and promotes in-plane, active torque generation in the actomyosin cortex. Notably, we observe that artificially generated large active RhoA patches undergo rotations with consistent handedness in a CYK-1/Formin-dependent manner. Altogether, we conclude that, CYK-1/Formin-dependent active torque generation facilitates chiral symmetry breaking of actomyosin flows and drives organismal left-right symmetry breaking in the nematode worm. 2 SignificanceActive torque generation in the actin cytoskeleton has been implicated in driving left-right symmetry breaking of developing embryos, but which molecules generate the active torque and how active torque generation is organized subcellularly remains unclear. This study shows that cortical Formin, recruited to cortical regions where RhoA signaling is active, promotes active torque generation in the actomyosin layer. We find that active torque tends to locally rotate the cortex in a clockwise fashion, which drives the emergence of chiral counter-rotating flows with consistent handedness and facilitates left-right symmetry breaking of C. elegans embryos.