ER-export and ARFRP1/AP-1-dependent delivery of SARS-CoV-2 Envelope to lysosomes controls late stages of viral replication

The {beta}-coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of the global Covid-19 pandemic. Coronaviral Envelope (E) proteins are pentameric viroporins that play essential roles in assembly, release and pathogenesis. We developed an inert tagging strategy for SARS-CoV-2 E and find that it localises to the Golgi and to lysosomes. We identify sequences in E, conserved across Coronaviridae, responsible for ER-to-Golgi export, and relate this activity to interaction with COP-II via SEC24. Using proximity biotinylation, we identify host-cell factors that interact with E and identify an ARFRP1/AP-1 dependent pathway allowing Golgi-to-lysosome trafficking of E. We identify sequences in E that bind AP-1, are conserved across {beta}-coronaviruses and allow E to be trafficked from Golgi to lysosomes. We show that E acts to deacidify lysosomes and by developing a trans-complementation assay, we show that both lysosomal trafficking of E and its viroporin activity are necessary for efficient viral replication and release.