Transient inhibition of type I interferon enhances CD8+ T cell stemness and vaccine protection

Abstract

Developing vaccines that promote CD8+ T cell memory is a challenge for infectious disease and cancer immunotherapy. TCF-1+ stem cell-like memory T (TSCM) cells are important determinants of long-lived memory. Yet, the developmental requirements for TSCM formation are unclear. Here, we identify the temporal window for type I interferon (IFN-I) receptor (IFNAR) blockade to drive TSCM cell generation. TSCM cells were transcriptionally distinct and emerged from a transitional precursor of exhausted (TPEX) cellular state concomitant with viral clearance. TSCM differentiation correlated with T cell retention within the lymph node paracortex, due to increased CXCR3 chemokine abundance which disrupted gradient formation. These affects were due a counterintuitive increase in IFN{psi}, which controlled cell location. Combining IFNAR inhibition with mRNA-LNP vaccination promoted specific TSCM differentiation and enhanced protection against chronic infection. These finding propose a new approach to vaccine design whereby modulation of inflammation promotes memory formation and function. HIGHLIGHTSO_LIEarly, transient inhibition of the type I interferon (IFN) receptor (IFNAR) during acute viral infection promotes stem cell-like memory T (TSCM) cell differentiation without establishing chronic infection. C_LIO_LITSCM and precursor of exhausted (TPEX) cellular states are distinguished transcriptionally and by cell surface markers. C_LIO_LIDevelopmentally, TSCM cell differentiation occurs via a transition from a TPEX state coinciding with viral clearance. C_LIO_LITransient IFNAR blockade increases IFN{psi} production to modulate the ligands of CXCR3 and couple TSCM differentiation to cell retention within the T cell paracortex of the lymph node. C_LIO_LISpecific promotion of TSCM cell differentiation with nucleoside-modified mRNA-LNP vaccination elicits enhanced protection against chronic viral challenge. C_LI