Identification of a new ORF3a-E fusion subgenomic RNA of SARS-CoV-2 and its biological features in the infection process

Subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) are discontinuous transcription products of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that are involved in viral gene expression and replication, but their exact functions are still being studied. Here, we report the identification of a new type of sgRNA, the fusion ORF3a-E-sgRNA, involved in the infection process of SARS-CoV-2. This sgRNA codes both ORF3a and E and can be detected throughout the viral life cycle in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells with high copy numbers. ORF3a-E-sgRNA guides more ORF3a translation and promotes the expression of cellular ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3) and the binding of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E). Single-cell sequencing of a SARS-CoV-2-infected human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE) revealed that maintenance of this stable translational environment by ORF3a-E-sgRNA is important for the SARS-CoV-2 assembly and release capabilities and is also beneficial for viral evasion of host innate immunity. More importantly, the transcription level of ORF3a-E-sgRNA contributes to differences in infection processes between the Wuhan strain and XBB strain of SARS-CoV-2.