Efficient scar-free knock-ins of several kilobases by engineered CRISPR/Cas endonucleases

In plants and mammals, non-homologous end-joining is the dominant pathway to repair DNA double strand breaks, making it challenging to generate knock-in events. Using a transient assay in Nicotiana benthamiana we identified two groups of exonucleases, respectively from the Herpes Virus and from the bacteriophage T7 families, hat confer up to 38-fold increase in HDR frequencies when fused to Cas9. We achieved precise and scar-free insertion of several kilobases of DNA both in transient and stable transformation systems. In Arabidopsis thaliana, fusion of Cas9 to a Herpes Virus family exonuclease leads to 10-fold higher frequencies of knock-ins. Our results open perspectives for the routine production of knock-in and gene replacement events in plants. One-Sentence SummaryFusions of CRISPR endonucleases to specific 5'-exonucleases leads to significant increase in scar-free multikilobase knock-ins.