Interkingdom glycine conjugates of indole-3-carboxylates are Ah receptor ligands

Abstract

Substituted indoles are conserved metabolites across all kingdoms of life and may function as a mediators of inter- and intra-species communication. Indole-3-carboxylates (indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-propionic acid (IPA)) represent abundant tryptophan-derived AHR agonists in human serum, potentially influencing AHR-dependent physiology. LC-MS analysis of mouse serum, urine and cecal/fecal contents reveals that both IAA and IPA undergo host and microbial mediated glycine conjugation to facilitate urinary elimination. Notably, at physiologically detectable human serum concentrations (M), IAA-Glycine retains human AHR activation potential. Comparative in silico docking simulations corroborate IAA-Glycine as a direct ligand for the human AHR. Data suggest, in contrast to xenobiotic ligands, AHR activation by endogenous tryptophan metabolites is greater in humans than in mice. These results underscore the role of microbial and host-derived amino acid conjugation in generating bioactive metabolites. Thus, positioning interkingdom auxin chemistry within human physiology and revealing an unexpected link between plants, microbes, and humans.