Pan-transcriptome reveals a large accessory genome contribution to gene expression variation in yeast

Gene expression is an essential step in the translation of genotypes into phenotypes. However, little is known about the transcriptome architecture and the underlying genetic effects at a species-level. Here, we generated and analyzed the pan-transcriptome of [~]1,000 yeast natural isolates across 4,977 core and 1,468 accessory genes. We found that the accessory genome is an underappreciated driver of the transcriptome divergence. Global gene expression patterns combined with population structure show that the heritable expression variation mainly lies within subpopulation-specific signatures, for which the accessory genes are overrepresented. Genome-wide association analyses consistently highlight that the accessory genes are associated with proportionally more variants with larger effect sizes, illustrating the critical role of the accessory genome on the transcriptional landscape within and between populations.