Shared epigenetic regulation acting on neuroimmune pathways contributes to the comorbidity between generalized anxiety disorder and COVID-19

BackgroundThe biological mechanisms linking generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and COVID-19 remain poorly understood, despite substantial evidence of their comorbidity. To address this gap, we examined genetic and epigenetic factors underlying their co-occurrence. MethodsIn a multi-ancestry sample of 893 participants, we conducted genome-wide and epigenome-wide analyses of GAD and COVID-19 severity. Integrating large-scale genome-wide datasets and information regarding methylation quantitative trait loci, complementary analytic approaches were used to identify regional methylation patterns, assess genetically regulated DNA methylation in blood and brain tissue, and evaluate causal loci shared between GAD and COVID-19. ResultsGAD was associated with epigenome-wide significant variation in loci involved in chromatin regulation and synaptic signaling. Conversely, COVID-19-related epigenetic signals were enriched in immune-inflammatory and host-response pathways. Mild COVID-19 was epigenetically related to endothelial-inflammatory signals, while severe COVID-19 was linked to epigenetic changes implicated in myeloid and thrombo-inflammatory pathways. Epigenetic signals shared between GAD and COVID-19 implicated processes related to stress adaptation and tissue homeostasis. Genetically informed analyses identified 60 shared loci, including MAPT, ZFP57, and FBXL18, indicating pleiotropy between GAD and COVID-19 in genetically regulated DNA methylation variation. Brain-specific analyses further highlighted convergence in additional loci (i.e., MICB and HLA-DPB1), suggesting neuroimmune mechanisms underlying GAD-COVID-19 shared methylation patterns. ConclusionsThese findings support that GAD and COVID-19 share epigenetic and genetic architecture involving pathways related to vascular integrity, immune function, and cellular adaptation, highlighting a potential neuroimmune basis for their co-occurrence.