Ultra-Efficient Integration of Gene Libraries onto Yeast Cytosolic Plasmids

Efficient methods for diversifying genes of interest (GOIs) are essential in protein engineering. For example, OrthoRep, a yeast-based orthogonal DNA replication system that achieves the rapid in vivo diversification of GOIs encoded on a cytosolic plasmid (p1), has been successfully used to drive numerous protein engineering campaigns. However, OrthoRep-based GOI evolution has almost always started from single GOI sequences, limiting the number of locations on a fitness landscape from where evolutionary search begins. Here, we present a simple approach for the high-efficiency integration of GOI libraries onto OrthoRep. By leveraging integrases, we demonstrate recombination of donor DNA onto the cytosolic p1 plasmid at exceptionally high transformation efficiencies, even surpassing the transformation efficiency of standard circular plasmids into yeast. We demonstrate our methods utility through the straightforward construction of mock nanobody libraries encoded on OrthoRep, from which rare binders were reliably enriched. Overall, integrase-assisted manipulation of yeast cytosolic plasmids should enhance the versatility of OrthoRep in continuous evolution experiments and support the routine construction of large GOI libraries in yeast in general.