Clinical Relevant Immunosuppressive Drugs Differentially Modulate Axonal Outgrowth from Human Stem Cell Derived Neurons

Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation is a promising strategy for repairing the injured spinal cord, but transplanted cells typically require immunosuppressive therapy to prevent rejection--even for induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived autologous grafts. However, the effects of immunosuppressive drugs on neurite outgrowth and axonal regeneration-- processes critical for neural circuit reconstruction--have not been fully characterized. In this study, we tested nine clinically relevant immunosuppressants on human iPSC-derived neurons and primary human spinal cord NSCs in vitro at concentrations approximating clinical exposure levels. The drug panel included FK-506 (tacrolimus), cyclosporine A (CsA), rapamycin, belatacept (Nulojix), etanercept (Enbrel), mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept), cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan), prednisone, and azathioprine (Imuran). Neurite outgrowth was quantified via automated high-content imaging. Multiple agents, including CsA, Imuran, Nulojix, and CellCept, induced significant reductions in neurite outgrowth in a cell type- and dose-dependent manner, with CsA producing the most robust and consistent inhibition across both cell lines. In contrast, FK-506 showed no significant effect on neurite extension at clinically relevant concentrations. Consistent with the in vitro results, human neural progenitor cell grafts in a rodent spinal cord injury model exhibited significantly reduced graft-derived axon extension in the host spinal cord when hosts were treated with CsA rather than FK-506. These findings demonstrate that immunosuppressant choice can profoundly influence neural graft integration and axonal regeneration. Our study underscores the importance of preclinical evaluation of immunosuppressive regimens and suggests that selecting agents such as FK-506 over CsA may improve outcomes in future stem cell-based therapeutic trials for spinal cord injury and related disorders of the central nervous system. HighlightsO_LICyclosporine A inhibits axon outgrowth in human neurons in vitro C_LIO_LIFK-506 preserves neurite extension across stem cell-derived neuron types C_LIO_LIAxon outgrowth is reduced in vivo with CsA but not FK-506 C_LIO_LIImmunosuppressant selection critically affects neural graft integration C_LIO_LIFK-506 may be preferable to CsA for SCI cell transplantation protocols C_LI