Genetic studies with a uracil DNA glycosylase biosensor support a role for mitochondrial UNG1 in nuclear uracil repair

Abstract

The universally conserved enzyme uracil-DNA N-glycosylase (UNG) plays a central role in maintaining genome stability. It functions as the initiating factor in uracil base excision repair (UBER) by catalyzing the removal of uracil lesions in genomic DNA, a necessary first step in restoring genome integrity after hydrolytic deamination of cytosine to uracil or misincorporation of deoxy-uridine monophosphate during replication. Although methods have been developed to study UBER in vitro and in cellulo, none provide a quantitative readout of UNG activity on the chromosomal DNA of living cells. To address this gap, we created an UNG biosensor (U-report) that utilizes a modified cytosine base editor to generate a targeted genomic uracil lesion in a fluorescent reporter for C-to-U editing activity. UNG activity ablation through uracil DNA glycosylase inhibition (Ugi) or UNG-knockout results in elevated reporter fluorescence. Isoform-specific knockouts show that mitochondrial UNG1 also contributes to UBER of nuclear DNA. Our studies establish a real-time biosensor for quantification of chromosomal DNA uracil excision activity in living cells and, in support of prior studies, indicate that both UNG isoforms should be addressed in small molecule inhibitor development programs. Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=78 SRC="FIGDIR/small/721890v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (17K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@8e6566org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@a33b03org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@774663org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@ae1814_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG