Cellular and Spatial Drivers of Unresolved Injury and Functional Decline in the Human Kidney

Abstract

Building upon a foundational Human Kidney resource, we present a comprehensive multi-modal atlas that defines spatially resolved versus unresolved repair states and mechanisms in human kidney disease. Homeostatic interactions between injured kidney epithelium and its surrounding milieu determine successful repair outcomes, while pathogenic signaling promotes unresolved inflammation and fibrosis leading to chronic disease. We integrated multiple single-cell and spatial modalities across [~]700 samples from >350 patients ([~]250 research biopsies), analyzing [~]1.7 million cells alongside complementary mouse multi-omic profiles spanning acute-to-chronic injury and aging (>300,000 cells) and spatial transcriptomic analysis of >150 human biopsies. This cross-species atlas delineates functional pathways and druggable targets across the nephron and defines gene regulatory networks and chromatin landscapes governing tubular, fibroblast, and immune cell transitions from injury to either recovery or failed repair states. We identified distinct cellular states associated with specific pathological features that show dynamic distributions between acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), organized within unique spatial niches that reveal progression mechanisms from early injury to unresolved disease. Gene regulatory analyses prioritized key transcription factor activities (SOX4, SOX9, NFKB1, REL, KLFs) and their target networks establishing disease states and tissue microenvironments. These regulatory programs were directly linked to clinical outcomes, identifying molecular signatures of recovery and secreted biomarkers predictive of AKI-to-CKD progression, providing a key resource for therapeutic development and precision medicine approaches in kidney disease.