PRC2 direct transfer from G-quadruplex RNA to dsDNA: Implications for RNA-binding chromatin modifiers

Abstract

The chromatin-modifying enzyme, Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), deposits the H3K27me3 epigenetic mark to negatively regulate expression at numerous target genes, and this activity has been implicated in embryonic development, cell differentiation, and various cancers. A biological role for RNA binding in regulating PRC2 histone methyltransferase activity is generally accepted, but the nature and mechanism of this relationship remains an area of active investigation. Notably, many in vitro studies demonstrate that RNA inhibits PRC2 activity on nucleosomes through mutually antagonistic binding, while some in vivo studies indicate that PRC2s RNA-binding activity is critical for facilitating its biological function(s). Here we use biochemical, biophysical, and computational approaches to interrogate PRC2s RNA and DNA binding kinetics. Our findings demonstrate that PRC2-polynucleotide dissociation rates are dependent on the concentration of free ligand, indicating the potential for direct transfer between ligands without a free-enzyme intermediate. Direct transfer explains the variation in dissociation kinetics reported previously, allows reconciliation of prior in vitro and in vivo studies, and expands the potential mechanisms of RNA-mediated PRC2 regulation. Moreover, simulations indicate that such a direct transfer mechanism could be obligatory for RNA to recruit proteins to chromatin. SignificanceStudies of PRC2 in vitro indicate that RNA inhibits its histone methyltransferase (HMTase) activity through mutually antagonistic binding with nucleosomes, but some in vivo studies paradoxically suggest that RNA binding is necessary to facilitate chromatin occupancy and HMTase activity. Our findings unveil a protein-intrinsic mechanism for directly exchanging RNA and DNA/nucleosome in PRC2s binding site(s), which reconciles these prior findings by allowing antagonistic or synergistic RNA-mediated regulation dependent on RNA-nucleosome proximity. Furthermore, there is an increasing awareness that multiple chromatin-associated proteins exhibit regulatory RNA binding activity, and our findings indicate this "direct transfer" mechanism may be generally required for such regulation.