Tension anisotropy drives phenotypic transitions of cells via two-way cell-ECM feedback

Mechanical factors such as stress in the extracellular environment are known to affect phenotypic commitment of cells. However, the stress fields experienced by cells in tissues are multiaxial, and the ways that cells integrate this multiaxial information are largely unknown. Here, we report that the anisotropy of these stress fields is a critical factor triggering phenotypic transition in fibroblast cells, outweighing the previously reported role of stress amplitude. Using a combined experimental and computational approach, we discovered a self-reinforcing mechanism in which cellular protrusions interact with collagen fibers to develop tension anisotropy, which in turn stabilizes protrusions and amplifies their contractile forces. Disruption of this self-reinforcing process, either by reducing tension anisotropy or by inhibiting contractile protrusions, prevented phenotypic conversion of fibroblasts to contractile myofibroblasts.