Rapid, DNA-induced interface swapping by DNA gyrase

DNA gyrase, a ubiquitous bacterial enzyme, is a type IIA topoisomerase formed by heterotetramerisation of 2 GyrA subunits and 2 GyrB subunits, to form the active complex. GyrA is usually found as a dimer in solution, whereas GyrB can exist as a monomer. DNA gyrase is able to loop DNA around the C-terminal domains (CTDs) of GyrA and pass one DNA duplex through a transient double-strand break (DSB) established in another duplex. This results in the conversion of a positive loop into a negative one, thereby introducing negative supercoiling into the bacterial genome, an activity essential for DNA replication and transcription. The strong protein interface in the GyrA dimer must be broken to allow passage of the transported DNA segment and it is generally assumed that the interface is usually stable and only opens when DNA is transported, to prevent the introduction of deleterious DSBs in the genome. In this paper we show that DNA gyrase can exchange its DNA-cleaving interfaces between two active heterotetramers. This so-called interface "swapping" or "exchange" (IS) can occur within a few minutes in solution. We also show that bending of DNA by gyrase is essential for cleavage but not for DNA binding per se and favors IS. interface swapping is also favored by DNA wrapping and an excess of GyrB. We suggest that proximity, promoted by GyrB oligomerization and binding and wrapping along a length of DNA, between two heterotetramers favors rapid interface exchange. This exchange does not require ATP, can occur in the presence of fluoroquinolones, and raises the possibility of non-homologous recombination solely through gyrase activity. The ability of gyrase to undergo interface swapping also explains how gyrase heterodimers, containing a single active-site tyrosine, can carry out double-strand passage reactions and therefore suggests an alternative explanation to the recently proposed "swivelling" mechanism for DNA gyrase (Gubaev, Weidlich, and Klostermeier 2016).