Voltage-sensor trapping of cardiac Na+ channels by Mg-protoporphyrin impairs cancer cell migration

Abstract

The human voltage-gated sodium channel hNaV1.5 is essential for cardiac excitability. Though underrecognized, NaV1.5 is also expressed in multiple cancers, promoting cell migration and malignancy. hNaV1.5 is a therapeutic target but limited isoform specificity presents a risk of side effects via neuronal and skeletal muscle NaV channels. Here we identify Mg2+-protoporphyrin IX (MgPpIX), a Mg-containing tetrapyrrole and intermediate in chlorophyll biosynthesis, as inhibitor of hNaV1.5 (IC50 of 1 nM). The activity profile of various metal protoporphyrins correlates with the electrostatic potential at the metal center of the compounds. MgPpIX is specific to hNaV1.5, as no inhibition of other hNaV isoforms (hNaV1.2, 1.4, 1.7, 1.8) was detected. A mutagenesis study and structural modeling reveals that MgPpIX stabilizes the domain-II voltage sensor in the deactivated conformation, with residues E795 and N803 being relevant determinants. MgPpIX also inhibits native NaV channels in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and colorectal carcinoma SW480 cell lines, and suppresses cell migration. MgPpIX is an exceptionally potent and specific inhibitor of hNaV1.5 and may serve as a lead compound in anti-cancer drug development.