miR-519a-3p, found to regulate cellular prion protein during Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, as a biomarker of asymptomatic stages

Abstract

MiRNAs induce post-transcriptional gene silencing by binding to the 3-UTR of complementary messenger RNAs and causing either degradation or inhibition of translation. The clinical relevance of miRNAs as biomarkers is growing due to their stability and detection in biofluids. In this sense, diagnosis at asymptomatic stages of Alzheimers disease (AD) remains a challenge since it can only be made at autopsy according to Braak NFT staging. Achieving the objective of detecting AD at early stages would allow possible therapies to be addressed before the onset of cognitive impairment. Many studies have determined that the expression pattern of some miRNAs is deregulated in AD patients, but to date, none has been correlated with downregulated expression of cellular prion protein (PrPC) during disease progression. That is why, by means of cross studies of miRNAs up-regulated in AD with in silico identification of potential miRNAs-binding to 3UTR of human PRNP gene, we selected miR-519a-3p for our study. Other family members of miR-519 have been shown to bind to the 3UTR region of PRNP in vitro and presumably degrade PRNP mRNA. In addition, up-regulation of some of them has been reported in various tissues from AD patients, including cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, and blood serum. In fact, miR-519d-3p is marked as a bridge regulator between mild cognitive impairment and severe AD. However, none of the studies address the prodromal stages of the disease or the expression profile of miR-519 in other neurodegenerative diseases that also may present dementia. Therefore, in this study we analyzed miR-519a-3p expression in cerebral samples of AD at different stages of evolution as well as other neurodegenerative diseases such as other tauopathies and synucleinopathies. Our results show the specific and early upregulation of miR-519a-3p starting from Braak stage I of AD, suggesting its potential use as a biomarker of preclinical stages of the disease.