H3 K27M and EZHIP impede H3K27-methylation spreading by inhibiting allosterically stimulated PRC2

Diffuse midline gliomas and posterior fossa type-A ependymomas contain the highly recurrent histone H3 K27M mutation and the H3 K27M-mimic EZHIP, respectively. In vitro, H3 K27M and EZHIP are competitive inhibitors of Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) lysine methyltransferase activity. In vivo, these proteins reduce overall H3K27me3 levels, however residual peaks of H3K27me3 remain at CpG islands through an unknown mechanism. Here, we report that EZHIP and H3 K27M preferentially interact with an allosterically activated form of PRC2 in vivo. The formation of H3 K27M- and EZHIP-PRC2 complexes occurs at CpG islands containing H3K27me3 and impedes PRC2 and H3K27me3 spreading. While EZHIP is not found outside of placental mammals, we find that expression of human EZHIP reduces H3K27me3 in Drosophila melanogaster through a conserved molecular mechanism. Our results highlight the mechanistic similarities between EZHIP and H3 K27M in vivo and provide mechanistic insight for the retention of residual H3K27me3 in tumors driven by these oncogenes.