Multi-nucleation in two-cell human embryos stems from spindle and metaphase plate incoherence in the first mitosis

Abstract

The first embryonic division in humans is highly error-prone and a source of aneuploidies. Multi-nucleation is prevalent in two-cell human embryos, with unknown cause. Here, we live-image human zygotes to elucidate the features of the first mitosis that predispose embryos to multinucleation. We show that failure to collect chromosomes into a single mass and establish a bipolar spindle during zygotic metaphase leads to severe multi-nucleation. We find that KIF10/CENP-E kinesin activity is essential to prevent the formation of multiple spindle poles and to congress chromosomes onto a metaphase plate. Furthermore, although the spindle assembly checkpoint mediates a delay in response to a highly disorganised spindle, KIF10/CENP-E-inhibited embryos ultimately undergo the first mitosis with a chaotic anaphase. Therefore, defective chromosome congression in the zygote combined with a failure to sense this error cause multi-nucleation. Remarkably, multi-nucleation can be corrected during the second mitotic division in a KIF10/CENP-E-dependent manner. We suggest that multi-nucleation may be a safeguarding mechanism to prevent chromosome loss during the highly error-prone first embryonic mitosis.