The inflammatory and tumor suppressor SAMD9L acts through a Schlafen-like box to restrict HIV and inhibit cell translation in SAAD/ATXPC

Sterile alpha motif domain-containing proteins 9 and 9L (SAMD9/9L) are associated with life-threatening genetic diseases and are restriction factors of poxviruses. Yet, their cellular function and the extent of their antiviral role are poorly known. Here, we found that interferon-stimulated SAMD9L, and not SAMD9, restricts HIV-1 replication at the translation step, with a strong inhibition of Transmitted/Founder HIV-1 patient strains. More broadly, SAMD9L restricts primate lentiviruses, but not another retrovirus (MLV) or two ssRNA viruses (MOPV, VSV). Using structural modeling and mutagenesis of SAMD9L, we identified a Schlafen(SLFN)-like active site necessary for HIV-1 restriction. By testing a germline gain-of-function variant from patients with SAMD9L-associated autoinflammatory disease (SAAD) and ataxia-pancytopenia (ATXPC), we determined that SAMD9L cellular and pathogenic functions also depend on the SLFN-like active site. Finally, we propose a model in which SAMD9L translational repression could be dependent on codon-usage, linking its cellular function and the virus-specific innate immunity. The identification of another Achilles heel of HIV, as well as the inflammatory SAMD9L effector and auto-regulatory determinants, provide novel avenues against infectious and genetic diseases. Significance statementThis study identifies SAMD9L as a potent HIV-1 antiviral factor from the interferon immunity and deciphers the host determinants underlying SAMD9L translational repression. The characterization of SAMD9L activity and determinants is also of medical importance for patients with rare genetic diseases bearing deleterious mutations in SAMD9L or with specific cancers. We demonstrate that a pathogenic SAMD9L patients variant is inactivated by the mutation of an identified active site in a SLFN-like box, resulting in an abolished translational shutdown. Furthermore, we describe SAMD9L, but not SAMD9, as an antiviral factor of HIV and lentiviruses, through a translational repression mediated by the SLFN-like box and potentially dependent on codon usage. These findings may have implications to better fight against HIV/AIDS as well as SAAD/ATXPC. Key findings- SAMD9L, but not SAMD9, restricts HIV-1, including Transmitted/Founder patient strains. - SAMD9L broadly restricts primate lentiviruses, but not the retrovirus MLV, nor two ssRNA viruses, the Rhabdovirus VSV and the Arenavirus MOPV. - SAMD9L inhibits viral and cellular translation through an essential E198/D243 active site in a SLFN-like box. - The SAMD9L-associated autoinflammatory disease (SAAD) F886Lfs*11 variant has enhanced HIV translational repression, unveiling an autoregulatory domain of the anti-lentiviral function.