RADIF(C1orf112)-FIGNL1 Complex Regulates RAD51 Chromatin Association to Promote Viability After Replication Stress

Homologous recombination (HR) plays critical roles in repairing lesions that arise during DNA replication and is thus essential for viability. RAD51 plays important roles during replication and HR, however, how RAD51 is regulated downstream of nucleofilament formation and how the varied RAD51 functions are regulated is not clear. We have investigated the poorly characterized protein c1orf112/RADIF that previously scored in genome-wide screens for mediators of DNA inter-strand crosslink (ICL) repair. Upon ICL agent exposure, RADIF loss leads to marked cell death, elevated chromosomal instability, increased micronuclei formation, altered cell cycle progression and increased DNA damage signaling. RADIF is recruited to damage foci and forms a complex with FIGNL1. Both proteins have epistatic roles in ICL repair, forming a co-stable complex. Mechanistically, RADIF loss leads to increased RAD51 amounts and foci on chromatin both with or without exogenous DNA damage, defective replication fork progression and reduced HR competency. We posit that RADIF is essential for limiting RAD51 levels on chromatin in the absence of damage and for RAD51 dissociation from nucleofilaments to properly complete HR. Failure to do so leads to replication slowing and inability to complete repair.