Opto-MDMi: a dual-lock optogenetic system for robust activation of endogenous p53

Abstract

Optogenetics has emerged as a powerful technology for manipulating biological functions with high spatiotemporal resolution, yet the precise control of endogenous molecules remains a significant challenge. In this study, we developed Opto-MDMi, a dual-lock optogenetic platform designed to control the activity of endogenous p53, a master regulator of cell cycle and apoptosis. The p53 pathway is strictly governed by its negative regulators, MDM2 and MDMX, which inhibit p53 through direct binding and ubiquitination. Our system integrates two distinct light-responsive modules: Opto-MDMi (LOVTRAP), which regulates the nuclear translocation of p53-activating peptides, and Opto-MDMi (LOV2-PMI), which controls the binding activity of these peptides by photocaging them within the AsLOV2 domain. Through extensive in vitro screening and live-cell assays, we discovered that truncating the J helix of LOV2 effectively restricts the movement of fused inhibitory peptides, thereby masking their interaction with MDM2/MDMX under dark conditions. By combining these two regulatory layers into a dual-lock system, we achieved robust light-dependent activation of endogenous p53 while significantly suppressing basal activity in the dark. Our findings not only provide a potent tool for p53 research but also establish a general design principle for optogenetically regulating functional peptides with the LOV2 domain, offering a versatile framework for the future development of optogenetic actuators.