Disabling a key viral innate immunity antagonist converts measles vaccine into RIG-I-driven cancer immunotherapy

Abstract

Oncolytic viruses can destroy tumors directly or by activating antitumor immunity, but balancing safety with potent immune stimulation remains challenging. Here, we show that deletion of the measles virus C protein, a key viral antagonist of innate immunity, reprograms the live-attenuated vaccine strain into a RIG-I-driven cancer immunotherapy. The resulting virus, MVdeltaC, accumulates defective viral genomes that activate RIG-I/MAVS signaling and trigger robust type I interferon and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. MVdeltaC kills tumor cells more rapidly and efficiently than the parental virus and induces hallmarks of immunogenic cell death, including HMGB1 release and dendritic cell maturation. Intratumoral administration in immunocompetent mice bearing syngeneic neuroblastoma induced complete tumor regression in 90% of animals and established long-term antitumor memory. Antitumor responses were dependent on CD8 T and NK cells and were further enhanced by anti-CTLA-4 therapy or CD4 T-cell depletion. Prior measles immunization accelerated tumor clearance, indicating vaccine-boosted responses. MVdeltaC also controlled the growth of human mesothelioma, melanoma, and triple-negative breast cancer xenografts and patient-derived tumors in immunodeficient models. These findings establish MVdeltaC as a clinically ready, broad-spectrum immunotherapeutic that links RIG-I activation through defective viral genome generation to elicit potent and durable antitumor immunity. IMPACT StatementA modified measles virus lacking a viral innate immunity antagonist triggers potent antitumor responses via RIG-I sensing of defective viral genomes, revealing a new strategy for cancer immunotherapy.