WAVE complex self-organization templates lamellipodial formation

Abstract

How local interactions of actin regulators yield large-scale organization of cell shape and movement is not well understood. For example, why does the WAVE complex build lamellipodia, the broad sheet-like protrusions that power cell migration, whereas the homologous actin regulator N-WASP forms spiky finger-like actin networks? N-WASP is known to oligomerize into focal condensates that generate an actin finger. In contrast, the WAVE complex exhibits the linear distribution needed to generate an actin sheet. This linear organization of the WAVE complex could either arise from interactions with the actin cytoskeleton or could represent an ability of the complex to self-organize into a linear template. Using super-resolution microscopy, we find that the WAVE complex forms higher-order linear oligomers that curve into 270 nanometer-wide ring structures in the absence of actin polymer. These rings localize to the necks of membrane invaginations, which display saddle point geometries with positive curvature in one axis and negative curvature in the orthogonal axis. To investigate the molecular mechanism of saddle curvature enrichment, we show that the WAVE complex and IRSp53, a membrane curvature-sensitive protein, collaborate to recognize saddle curvature that IRSp53 cannot sense alone. This saddle preference for the WAVE complex could explain emergent cell behaviors, such as expanding and self-straightening lamellipodia as well as the ability of endothelial cells to recognize and seal transcellular holes. Our work highlights how partnering protein interactions enable complex shape sensing and how feedback between cell shape and actin regulators yields self-organized cell morphogenesis.