Single-molecule m6A profiling reveals position-dependent mRNA regulation and non-canonical roles for Ythdf2 in early embryogenesis

Abstract

The maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) requires coordinated clearance and deadenylation of maternally deposited mRNAs, yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) has emerged as a key regulator of maternal mRNA fate, but prior studies have relied on population-averaged short-read methods that cannot resolve modification state, poly(A) tail length, or isoform identity on the same molecule. Here, we employ nanopore direct RNA sequencing on zebrafish embryos across MZT to resolve the interplay between m6A deposition, mRNA clearance, and poly(A) tail length dynamics at single-molecule resolution. We find that 78% of expressed maternal genes harbor m6A-modified isoforms, significantly exceeding prior bulk estimates. Within-isoform comparisons demonstrate that m6A promotes mRNA decay, with CDS m6A contributing more to maternal mRNA clearance than 3-UTR m6A. The positional context of m6A alone is sufficient to determine the temporal regulation of poly(A) tail lengths. CDS m6A constitutively suppresses tail length throughout MZT, while 3'-UTR m6A acquires shortening activity only after zygotic genome activation (ZGA). Transcriptomic analysis of ythdf2 knockout embryos reveals two unrecognized roles. Ythdf2 stabilizes m6A-marked maternal transcripts to set stoichiometry at MZT onset, and is also responsible for maintaining global poly(A) tail homeostasis prior to ZGA through an m6A-independent mechanism. Together, these findings define the single-molecule logic by which m6A modifications shape transcript fate during vertebrate MZT.