Decoding the MYC locus reveals a druggable ultraconserved RNA element

Abstract

The human genome is dominated by noncoding sequences, most of which are poorly conserved across species. How genetic information is distributed between coding and noncoding regions remains a fundamental unresolved question. Using CRISPR saturation mutagenesis at base-pair resolution, we mapped the functional fitness landscape of the 10-kb human MYC locus with a near-PAMless, high-fidelity SpRY-Cas9. This unbiased interrogation revealed that the majority (67%) of functionally essential base-pairs in this locus are noncoding. Paradoxically, the phenotypic impact of noncoding sequences correlates inversely with evolutionary conservation, driven in part by rapidly diverging cis-regulatory DNA elements that remain functionally constrained in humans. Within this landscape, we identified an ultraconserved RNA element in the 3 untranslated region (UTR) that is indispensable for MYC-dependent cancer cells. Remarkably, steric-blocking antisense oligos targeting this RNA element selectively eliminate MYC-addicted cancer cells by suppressing MYC function without reducing MYC abundance. Mechanistically, this 3' UTR element promotes perinuclear localization of MYC mRNA and efficient nuclear import of the short-lived MYC protein, enabling its function as a nuclear transcription factor. Together, these findings highlight noncoding sequences as major carriers of functional genetic information, provide a comprehensive fitness map of the MYC locus, and uncover a therapeutically actionable RNA element that disables MYC-driven cancer.