Virus-like antigen display delivers a stand-alone danger signal through the BCR that circumvents tolerance
Julianne B. Riggs, Alexander J. Ritter, François X. P. Bourassa, Alexander R. Meyer, Erika Kay-Tsumagari, Wei-Yun Wholey, Jeremy B. Libang, James L. Mueller, Wen Lu, Ned S. Wingreen, Wei Cheng, Julie Zikherman
The paper shows that virus-like particle-displayed antigens bypass BCR tolerance by triggering distinct signaling and transcriptional programs compared to soluble antigens.
bioRxiv · Apr 24, 2026 · PreprintImmunology