Influence of the Glymphatic System on α-Synuclein Propagation: Role of Aquaporin-4 and the Dystrophin-Associated Protein Complex

Abstract

Propagation and aggregation of prion proteins, such as tau and -synuclein (Syn), are key pathological features of neurodegenerative diseases. Extracellular clearance pathways, such as the glymphatic system, may play a crucial role in the removal of these toxic proteins from the brain. Primarily active during sleep, this system relies on aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channel expression and polarisation to astrocytic endfeet, facilitating interstitial solute clearance. Glymphatic dysfunction has recently been implicated in Parkinsons disease, however the precise mechanisms underlying the pathogenic effect of this dysfunction remain unclear. This includes how impaired glymphatic function influences Syn propagation dynamics, and the role of propagating Syn itself on glymphatic function. In this study, we used a mouse model of Syn propagation to elucidate the impact of Syn aggregation on glymphatic function, by measuring CSF-ISF exchange and assessing AQP4 and associated endfoot complex proteins in the brain over time and across different regions. Our results show that direct injection of Syn pre-formed fibrils leads to reduced expression of the AQP4 endfoot complex, but propagation of endogenous Syn induces an enhancement of glymphatic function suggesting compensatory upregulation in response to increasing endogenous Syn load. To determine the influence of glymphatic dysfunction on Syn propagation dynamics, we then employed a pharmacological approach to inhibit glymphatic function in this model. Acute glymphatic inhibition significantly reduced brain to CSF Syn clearance, and chronic treatment exacerbated Syn pathology, neurodegeneration, and motor behavioural deficits in mice. Together our findings show that Syn clearance and propagation are modulated by glymphatic function and suggest that AQP4 complex dysregulation may contribute to glymphatic impairment associated with Parkinsons diseases. Summary for the non-scientific communityThe glymphatic system clears brain waste during sleep. Lopes et al. show that -synuclein, a protein linked to Parkinsons, is cleared by this system. Using a mouse model of the disease, they suggest that aquaporin-4 water channels may impair glymphatic function, contributing to -synuclein buildup in patients brains.