The antipsychotic drug clozapine suppresses autoimmunity driving psychosis-like behavior in mice

Abstract

Antipsychotic drugs are the first-line treatment for psychosis yet their mechanism of action remains poorly understood, largely due to the challenge to faithfully model psychosis preclinically. Here, we focus on the emerging concept that psychosis can be caused by brain autoimmunity and present a novel mouse model of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis, a condition that manifests with psychosis and autoanti-bodies against the NMDAR. We devised a new mRNA-based approach to immunize mice against the NMDAR. Immunized mice developed psychosis-like behaviors that were caused by anti-NMDAR autoantibodies leading to phagocytosis of NMDARs by brain microglia. The antipsychotic drug clozapine rescued psychosis-like behaviors and, remarkably, reduced anti-NMDAR autoantibody levels and antibody-mediated phagocytosis of NMDARs. The immunomodulatory effects of clozapine were confirmed in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Our results demonstrate that clozapine suppresses autoimmunity driving psychosis-like behaviors, raising the possibility that immunomodulation contributes to antipsychotic drug action. HIGHLIGHTSO_LImRNA immunization against the NMDAR induces psychosis-like behavior in mice C_LIO_LIAnti-NMDAR autoantibodies are sufficient for psychosis-like behavior C_LIO_LIMicroglial phagocytosis of NMDARs mediates psychosis-like behavior induced by anti-NMDAR autoanti-bodies. C_LIO_LIClozapine reduces anti-NMDAR autoantibodies, microglial phagocytosis and psychosis-like behavior, consistent with immunomodulation as a potential mechanism of antipsychotic drug action. C_LI