Females Adapt to Dietary Protein Restriction on Enhanced Gut-Brain Axis during Aging

Growing evidence supports a critical role for the gut-brain axis in regulating metabolic health, inflammation, and cognitive function during aging. Age-associated gut dysbiosis has been linked to metabolic dysfunction and cognitive decline, with females exhibiting increased susceptibility to these age-related impairments. Diet is a major determinant of gut microbiome composition and function. Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated that dietary protein restriction (DPR) induces fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), improves metabolic health, and extends lifespan in male mice. However, the effects of DPR on the gut microbiome and associated health outcomes in aged female mice remain poorly understood. Female mice were assigned at 16 months of age to either a normal-protein (NP) or low-protein (LP) diet for 26 weeks. Metabolic assessments included food intake, fasting glucose concentrations, and glucose tolerance testing. Senescence-associated markers in mesenteric white adipose tissue (mWAT), fecal microbiome composition, and behavioral outcomes were evaluated to determine relationships among dietary protein intake, microbial communities, metabolic health, and cognitive function. Low-protein diet significantly improved metabolic health in aged female mice, as evidenced by improved glucose regulation. Microbiome analyses revealed increased abundance of Akkermansia at 17 months and Faecalibaculum in LP-fed animals at 22 months of age. More so, functional profiling and gene set enrichment analyses indicated enrichment of microbial pathways associated with membrane integrity and metal ion binding. Lastly, LP-fed female mice displayed improved memory performance at 22 months of age compared with age-matched NP-fed controls. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that DPR remodels the gut microbiome and improves metabolic and cognitive health in aged female mice. The observed microbial adaptations may contribute to the beneficial effects of DPR on aging-related physiology, highlighting the gut microbiome as a potential mediator of dietary interventions that promote healthy aging.