Transcriptome-wide investigation of stop codon readthrough in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Translation of mRNA into a polypeptide is terminated when the release factor eRF1 recognizes a UAA, UAG, or UGA stop codon in the ribosomal A site and stimulates nascent peptide release. However, stop codon readthrough can occur when a near-cognate tRNA outcompetes eRF1 in decoding the stop codon, resulting in the continuation of the elongation phase of protein synthesis. At the end of a conventional mRNA coding region, readthrough allows translation into the mRNA 3-UTR. Previous studies with reporter systems have shown that the efficiency of termination or readthrough is modulated by cis-acting elements other than stop codon identity, including two nucleotides 5 of the stop codon, six nucleotides 3 of the stop codon in the ribosomal mRNA channel, and stem-loop structures in the mRNA 3-UTR. It is unknown whether these elements are important at a genome-wide level and whether other mRNA features proximal to the stop codon significantly affect termination and readthrough efficiencies in vivo. Accordingly, we carried out ribosome profiling analyses of yeast cells expressing wild-type or temperature-sensitive eRF1 and developed bioinformatics strategies to calculate readthrough efficiency, and to identify mRNA and peptide features which influence that efficiency. We found that the stop codon (nt +1 to +3), the nucleotide after it (nt +4), the codon in the P site (nt -3 to -1), and 3-UTR length are the most influential features in the control of readthrough efficiency, while nts +5 to +9 and mRNA secondary structure in the 3-UTR had milder effects. Additionally, we found low readthrough genes to have shorter 3-UTRs compared to high readthrough genes in cells with thermally inactivated eRF1, while this trend was reversed in wild-type cells. Together, our results demonstrated the general roles of known regulatory elements in genome-wide regulation and identified several new mRNA or peptide features affecting the efficiency of translation termination and readthrough. AUTHOR SUMMARYOf the 64 codons that exist for translation of the genetic code into a polypeptide chain, only UAA, UAG, and UGA signify termination of continued protein synthesis. However, the efficiency of termination is not the same for different mRNAs and is likely influenced by mRNA sequences proximal to these "stop" codons. Here, we sought to expand current understanding of termination efficiency to a genome-wide scale. Our analysis identifies novel mRNA features that may regulate the efficiency of translation termination, including the identities of the stop codon, the penultimate codon, the proximal nucleotides, and the length of mRNA 3-untranslated region. As [~]11% of human diseases are caused by mutations that introduce premature stop codons, resulting in both accelerated mRNA decay and truncated protein product, our findings are valuable for understanding and developing therapeutics targeting the termination step of mRNA translation.