Inflammatory proteolysis generates pathogenic APOL1 fragments with distinct intracellular toxicities in podocytes derived from children with HIV associated nephropathy

Abstract

APOL1 risk variants are the strongest genetic determinants of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), yet the mechanisms linking inflammation to APOL1-mediated podocyte injury remain poorly understood because authentic patient-derived human disease models are lacking. Using urine-derived podocytes established from children with HIVAN and endogenous APOL1 reporter cell lines derived from these cells, we identified a previously unrecognized pathway of inflammatory, cathepsin-dependent APOL1 proteolysis. Endogenous APOL1 cleavage was detected in patient-derived podocytes, whereas reporter cell lines enabled the identification and functional characterization of N-terminal and C-terminal APOL1 fragments with distinct intracellular localization and pathogenic functions. The nuclear N-terminal fragment activated inflammatory transcriptional programs and promoted podocyte injury, whereas the membrane-associated C-terminal fragment mediated membrane toxicity and remained susceptible to pharmacologic inhibition by inaxaplin. Cathepsin S directly cleaved APOL1 in vitro, linking inflammatory signaling to APOL1 fragmentation. These findings identify inflammatory APOL1 proteolysis as a mechanism that partitions APOL1 toxicity into distinct pathogenic programs and nominate APOL1 processing as a therapeutic target for HIV-associated and other APOL1-mediated kidney diseases.