Stabilization of the open conformation of Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase by a novel substrate-selective small molecule inhibitor

Abstract

Insulin-Regulated Aminopeptidase (IRAP) is an enzyme with important biological functions and the target of several drug-discovery efforts although no clinically useful inhibitors have been reported yet. We combined in silico screening with a medicinal chemistry optimization campaign to discover a nanomolar inhibitor of IRAP based on a pyrazolylpyrimidine scaffold. This compound displays an excellent selectivity profile versus homologous aminopeptidases and kinetic analysis suggests it utilizes an uncompetitive mechanism of action when inhibiting the cleavage of a typical dipeptidic substrate. Surprisingly, the compound is a poor inhibitor of the processing of the physiological cyclic peptide substrate oxytocin and a 10mer antigenic epitope precursor but displays a biphasic inhibition profile for the trimming of a 9mer antigenic peptide and is active in blocking IRAP-dependent cross-presentation of an 8mer epitope. To better understand the mechanism of action and the basis for the unusual substrate selectivity of this inhibitor, we solved the crystal structure of the compound in complex with IRAP. The structure indicated direct zinc(II) engagement by the pyrazolylpyrimidine scaffold and revealed that the compound binds to an open conformation of the enzyme in a pose that should block the conformational transition to the closed conformation previously observed with other low molecular weight inhibitors and hypothesized to be important for catalysis. This compound constitutes the first IRAP inhibitor targeting the active site that utilizes a conformation-specific mechanism of action, provides insight into the intricacies of the IRAP catalytic cycle, and highlights a novel approach to regulating IRAP activity by blocking its conformational rearrangements.