Allosteric interactions prime androgen receptor dimerization and activation

The androgen receptor (AR) is a steroid receptor and master transcription factor that governs gene expression programs required for luminal development of prostate epithelium, formation of muscle tissue and maintenance of the male phenotype. AR misregulation is a hallmark of multiple malignancies, including prostate cancer, where AR hyperactivation and expansion of its transcriptome occur in part through AR gene amplification and interaction with oncoprotein cofactors. Despite its biological importance, how ARs individual domains and its protein cofactors cooperate to bind DNA have remained elusive. Using a combination of reconstitution biochemistry and single particle cryo-electron microscopy (EM), we have isolated three conformational states of AR bound to DNA. We observe that AR forms a non-obligate dimer, with the buried dimer interface utilized by related ancestral nuclear receptors repurposed to facilitate cooperative DNA binding. We identify surfaces bridging ARs domains responsible for allosteric communication, that are compromised in partial androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS), and are reinforced by ARs oncoprotein cofactor, ERG, and DNA binding site motifs. Finally, we present evidence that this plastic dimer interface for transcriptional activation may have been adopted by AR at the expense of DNA binding. Our work highlights how fine-tuning of ARs cooperative interactions translate to consequences in development and disease.