PYK2 controls intestinal inflammation via activation of IRF5 in macrophages

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of inflammatory disorders of the gastro-intestinal tract caused by a complex combination of genetic and environmental factors. Interferon regulating factor 5 (IRF5) is a multifunctional regulator of immune responses, which plays a key pathogenic role in mouse colitis models and is a genetic risk factor for IBD. A screen of a protein kinase inhibitor library in macrophages revealed a list of putative IRF5 kinases. Among the top hits validated in multiple in vitro assays, protein-tyrosine kinase 2-beta (PTK2B or PYK2) was identified as the only IBD genetic risk factor, known to impact gene expression in myeloid cells1,2. Phospho-proteomics and mutagenesis analyses established that PYK2 directly phosphorylates and activates IRF5 at tyrosine (Y) 171. IRF5 nuclear translocation and recruitment to target genes was impaired in PYK2-deficient cells or in cells treated with PYK2 inhibitors. Importantly, macrophage transcriptomic signature under PYK2 inhibition phenocopied IRF5 deficiency. Treatment with a PYK2 inhibitor reduced pathology and inflammatory cytokine production in Helicobacter hepaticus + anti-IL-10R antibody induced colitis model. It also decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in human colon biopsies taken from patients with ulcerative colitis. Thus, we have identified a major role for PYK2 in regulating the inflammatory response and mapped its activity to the IRF5 innate sensing pathway, opening opportunities for therapeutic interference with it in IBD and other inflammatory conditions.