Redistribution of codon-optimality effects: measurement strategy alters the division of labor between translation and mRNA decay

Abstract

Codon optimality promotes efficient translation and, as recent research has shown, also extends mRNA lifetimes. However, how control is distributed between translation and mRNA degradation remains unclear. We show that this relative impact depends strongly on the measurement approach. Using fluorescent protein reporters can underestimate codon-optimality-dependent increases in translation efficiency. Conversely, analyses based on poly(A)-selected RNA overestimate the impact on translation, because stable transcripts undergoing poly(A) shortening are often inefficiently captured, leading to skewed protein-to-mRNA ratios. This technical bias is not offset by the marginal decline in ribosomal association observed as mRNAs age. Estimates based on total RNA measurements redistribute some of the control attributed to translation to mRNA stability, making the contributions comparable for mRNAs with shorter coding sequences. For longer mRNAs, codon optimality increasingly controls elongation speed, with a greater effect on translation efficiency than on degradation. These insights highlight the importance of measurement strategy for accurately quantifying the determinants of mRNA stability and protein synthesis.