Directionality of PYD filament growth determined by the transition of NLRP3 nucleation seeds to ASC elongation

Inflammasomes sense intrinsic and extrinsic danger signals to trigger inflammatory responses and pyroptotic cell death. Homotypic pyrin domain (PYD) interactions of inflammasome forming Nod-like receptors with the adaptor protein ASC mediate oligomerization into helical filamentous assemblies. These supramolecular organizing centers recruit and activate caspase-1, which results in IL-1{beta} family cytokine maturation and pyroptotic cell death. The molecular details of the critical step in signal transduction of inflammasome signaling, however, remain ill-defined. Here, we describe the cryo-EM structure of the human NLRP3 PYD filament at 3.6 [A] resolution. We identify a unique pattern of highly polar interface residues that form the homomeric interactions leading to characteristic filament ends that we designate as A- and B-end, respectively. Coupling a titration polymerization assay to cryo-EM, we demonstrate that the ASC adaptor protein elongation on NLRP3 PYD filament seeds is unidirectional, associating exclusively to the B-end of the NLRP3 filament. Notably, NLRP3 and ASC PYD filaments exhibit the same symmetry in rotation and axial rise per subunit, allowing for a continuous transition between NLRP3 as the nucleation seed and ASC as the elongator. Integrating the directionality of filament growth, we present a molecular model of the ASC speck consisting of active NLRP3-NEK7, ASC, and Caspase-1 proteins.