To 200,000 m/z and beyond: native electron capture charge reduction mass spectrometry deconvolves heterogeneous signals in large biopharmaceutical analytes

Abstract

Great progress has been made in the detection of large biomolecular analytes by native mass spectrometry, however characterizing highly heterogeneous samples remains challenging due to the presence of many overlapping signals from complex ion distributions. Electron-capture charge reduction (ECCR), in which a protein cation captures free electrons without apparent dissociation, can dealign overlapping signals by shifting the ions to lower charge states. The concomitant shift to higher m/z also facilitates the exploration of instrument upper m/z limits if large complexes are used. Here we perform native ECCR on the bacterial chaperonin GroEL and megadalton scale adeno-associated virus (AAV) capsid assemblies on the Q Exactive UHMR mass spectrometer. Charge reduction of AAV8 capsids by up to 90% pushes signals well above 100,000 m/z and enables charge state resolution and mean mass determination of these highly heterogeneous samples, even for capsids loaded with genetic cargo. With minor instrument modifications the UHMR can detect charge reduced ion signals beyond 200,000 m/z. This work demonstrates the utility of ECCR for deconvolving heterogeneous signals in native mass spectrometry and presents the highest m/z signals ever recorded on an Orbitrap instrument, opening up the use of Orbitrap native mass spectrometry for heavier analytes than ever before.