Modeling statin-induced myopathy with human iPSCs reveals that impaired proteostasis underlies the myotoxicity and is targetable for the prevention

Abstract

Statins, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, have been widely prescribed to lower circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Although statins are well tolerated, statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS) are the major adverse effect and cause statin intolerance. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of SAMS and identifying effective strategies for its prevention are of significant clinical importance; however, both remain unclear. Here we establish a model of statin-induced myopathy (SIM) with human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived myocytes (iPSC-MCs) and investigate the effect of statins on protein homeostasis (proteostasis) that affects skeletal muscle wasting and myotoxicity. We show that treating hiPSC-MCs with statins induces atrophic phenotype and myotoxicity, establishing a hiPSC-based SIM model. We then examine whether statins impair the balance between protein synthesis and degradation. The results show that statins not only suppress protein synthesis but also promote protein degradation by upregulating the expression of the muscle-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase Atrogin-1 in a mevalonate pathway-dependent manner. Mechanistically, blocking the mevalonate pathway inactivates the protein kinase Akt, leading to the inhibition of mTORC1 and GSK3{beta} but the activation of FOXO1. These changes explain the statin-induced impairment in proteostasis. Finally, we show that pharmacological blockage of FOXO1 prevents SIM in hiPSC-MCs, implicating FOXO1 as a key mediator of SIM. Taken together, this study suggests that the mevalonate pathway is critical for maintaining skeletal muscle proteostasis and identifies FOXO1 as a potential target for preventing SIM.