Overlapping activities of ELAV/Hu RNA binding proteins specify multiple neural alternative splicing programs

Abstract

ELAV/Hu factors are conserved RNA binding proteins that play diverse roles in mRNA processing and regulation. The founding member, Drosophila Elav, was recognized as a vital neural factor 35 years ago. Nevertheless, still little is known about its impacts on the transcriptome, and potential functional overlap with its paralogs. Building on our recent findings that neural-specific lengthened 3 UTR isoforms are co-determined by ELAV/Hu factors, we address their impacts on splicing. In ectopic contexts, all three members (Elav, Fne and Rbp9) induce similar and broad changes to cassette exon and alternative last exon (ALE) splicing. Reciprocally, double mutants of elav/fne, but not elav alone, have opposite effects on both types of mRNA processing events in the larval CNS. Accordingly, while fne mutants are normal, fne loss strongly enhances elav mutants with respect to neuronal differentiation. While manipulation of Drosophila ELAV/Hu factors induces both exon skipping and inclusion, motif analysis indicates their major direct effects are to suppress cassette exon usage. Moreover, we find direct analogies in their roles in global promotion of distal ALE splicing and terminal 3 UTR extension, since both involve local suppression of proximal polyadenylation signals via ELAV/Hu binding sites downstream of cleavage sites. Finally, we provide evidence for analogous co-implementation of distal ALE and APA lengthening programs in mammalian neurons, linked to ELAV/Hu motifs downstream of regulated polyadenylation sites. Overall, ELAV/Hu proteins orchestrate multiple conserved programs of neuronal mRNA processing by suppressing alternative exons and polyadenylation sites.