Long-term experimental evolution of seasonal influenza A/H3N2 virus reveals diverse evolutionary potential
Annelies de Rooij, Katina D. Hulme, Sarah van Leeuwen, Karen de Haan, Laura E. van Groeningen, Marliek van Hoesel, Zandra C. Félix Garza, Dirk Eggink, Simon P. J. de Jong, Alvin X. Han, Colin A. Russell
This study shows that A/H3N2 influenza virus evolves differently in independent human airway cultures, with limited parallelism and novel mutations, suggesting evolutionary paths are influenced by selective context rather than intrinsic constraints.
bioRxiv · Oct 27, 2026 · PreprintEvolutionary Biology