Optimized CRISPR-mediated gene knock-in reveals FOXP3-independent control of human Treg identity

Treg cell therapy is a promising curative approach for a variety of immune-mediated conditions. CRISPR-based genome editing allows precise insertion of transgenes through homology-directed repair, but use in human Tregs has been limited. We report an optimized protocol for CRISPR-mediated gene knock-in in human Tregs with high-yield expansion. To establish a benchmark of human Treg dysfunction, we targeted the master transcription factor FOXP3 in naive and memory Tregs. Although FOXP3-knockout Tregs upregulated cytokine expression, effects on suppressive capacity manifested slowly and primarily in memory Tregs. Moreover, FOXP3-knockout Tregs retained their characteristic phenotype and had few changes in their DNA methylation landscape, with FOXP3 maintaining methylation at regions enriched for AP-1 binding sites. Thus, while FOXP3 is important for human Treg development, it has a limited role in maintaining mature Treg identity. Optimized gene knock-in with human Tregs will enable mechanistic studies and the development of tailored, next-generation Treg cell therapies.