Human neurogenesis is altered via glucocorticoid-mediated regulation of ZBTB16 expression

Glucocorticoids are important for proper organ maturation and their levels are tightly regulated during development. Here we use human cerebral organoids and mice to study cell-type specific effects of glucocorticoids on neurogenesis. We show that glucocorticoids increase a specific type of basal progenitors (co-expressing PAX6 and EOMES) that has been shown to drive cortical expansion in gyrified species. This effect is mediated via the transcription factor ZBTB16 and leads to increased production of neurons. A phenome-wide mendelian randomization analysis of an enhancer variant that moderates glucocorticoid-induced ZBTB16 levels, reveals causal relationships with higher educational attainment and altered brain structure. The relationship with postnatal cognition is supported by data from a prospective pregnancy cohort. This study provides a novel cellular and molecular pathway for the effects of glucocorticoids on human neurogenesis that relates to lasting postnatal phenotypes.