Two-color coincidence single-molecule pull-down for the specific detection of disease-associated protein aggregates

The misfolding and aggregation of protein is a characteristic of many neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimers and Parkinsons disease. The wide range of sizes and structures of oligomers and fibrils generated have previously been studied using single-molecule and super-resolution microscopy. These methods, however, tend to rely on the use of either directly labeled protein, or on the addition of non-specific amyloid stains, such as thioflavin-T. This has prevented the characterization of protein aggregate composition in complex biological samples. Here, we have developed a single-molecule two-color aggregate pull-down (STAPull) assay to overcome this challenge by probing immobilized proteins using orthogonally labeled antibodies targeting the same epitope. By looking at colocalized signals, we can eliminate monomeric protein, and specifically quantify aggregated proteins. Using the aggregation-prone alpha-synuclein protein as a model, we demonstrate that this approach can specifically detect aggregates with a limit of detection of 5 pM. Furthermore, we show that STAPull can be used in a range of samples, including in human biofluids. STAPull is generally applicable to protein aggregates from a variety of disorders, and will aid in the identification of biomarkers that are crucial in the effort to diagnose these diseases.